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Electronic Descaling Technology to
Control Precipitation Fouling in Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers, "Compact
Heat Exchangers for the Process Industries, (edited by R.K.Shah) pp.267-273,
Begell House, New York, 1997.
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Summary
Tests on plate and frame heat exchangers
Lab results EAF treatment reduced scale fouling as shown by small increase in pressure drop.
Field results EAF maintained 95% performance for 16 weeks without acid cleaning in a system that usually requires acid cleaning every 5 to 6 weeks.
Enhanced Operation of Plate Heat Exchangers in Amine
Services, Compact Heat Exchangers and Enhancement Technology for the Process
Industries presented July 18-23, 1999, Banff, Canada.
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Summary
Electronic anti-fouling (EAF) technology has significantly lengthened the operation period of the plate and frame heat exchanges in a amine system.
The number of cleanings was cut from 4 to 2 over a twenty-month period, and those cleaning were during scheduled preventive maintenance periods.
EAF kept heat transfer coefficients within optimal limits for the entire period.
Theory of Electronic Descaling Technology
to Control Precipitation Fouling in Heat Exchangers, Int. Comm. Heat Mass
Transfer, Vol.24, 747-756, 1997.
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Summary
Oscillating electric field causes dissolved mineral ions to collide and form insoluble mineral
crystals. The mineral crystals stay suspended in the water.
The level of mineral supersaturation decreases and new scale deposits on heat transfer
equipment are retarded or prevented.
Carbonate Crystallization Induced by an Electronic
Descaling Technology, Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.24, 757-770, 1997.
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Summary
Microscopic observation confirms electronic anti-fouling (EAF) technology creates larger non-sticky mineral crystals.
Technology to Control
Precipitation Fouling, ASME Proceedings of the 32nd National Heat Transfer
Conference, HTD-Vol.350, 1997.
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Summary
Electronic anti-fouling (EAF) retards scale fouling
Pressure drop was 51% less than the pressure drop without treatment.
Heat transfer coefficient 12% greater that heat transfer coefficient without treatment.
Anti-Fouling Technology to Mitigate
Precipitation Fouling in Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer Vol.41, pp.2565-2571, 1998.
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Summary
Tests on plate and frame heat exchangers
Lab results EAF treatment reduced scale fouling as shown by small increase in pressure drop.
Field results EAF maintained 95% performance for 16 weeks without acid cleaning in a system that usually requires acid cleaning every 5 to 6 weeks.
Effect of Fouling on Temperature Measurement Error
and a Solution, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol.120, pp.525-528, 1998.
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Summary
Electronic anti-fouling treatment prevents fouling of temperature probes and reduces measurement error.
Anti-Fouling Technology with Filtration to Prevent
Fouling in a Heat Exchanger, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.41,
pp.2961-2966, 1998.
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file
Summary
Change of heat transfer coefficient after 40 hours -
No treatment 26%
Electronic anti-fouling treatment alone 21%
Filter alone 19%
EAF with filter 6%
EAF and filter systems complement each other.
An Innovative Electronic
Descaling Technology for Scale Prevention in a Chiller, ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS
1999, V. 105, Pt.2.
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Summary
Evaluated performance of Electronic anti-fouling treatment on a full-scale chiller over an entire cooling season.
EAF improved chiller efficiency 20% to 30% even with a chemical water treatment program.
EAF not only controlled new scale build up, but removed old scale from the condenser tubes.
Anti-Fouling Technology in a Single-Tube Heat
Exchanger, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.42,
pp.1491-1499, 1998.
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Summary
EAF treatment reduced fouling resistance by 20% to 38% at flow velocities of 1.69 fps to 2.54 fps.
EAF did not reduce fouling at flow velocities less than 0.91 fps.
Scanning electron microscope shows a different crystal structure of mineral crystals with
EAF.
Experimental Validation of Electronic
Anti-Fouling Technology with a Plate Heat Exchanger, Heat Transfer 1998,
Proceedings of 11th International Heat Transfer Conference, Vol. 6, August
23-38, 1998, Kyongiu, Korea.
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Summary
Tests on plate and frame heat exchangers
Lab results EAF treatment reduced scale fouling as shown by small increase in pressure drop.
Field results EAF maintained 95% performance for 16 weeks without acid cleaning in a system that usually requires acid cleaning every 5 to 6 weeks.
AntiFouling Technology and Brush Punching for Scale
Removal in a Water-Cooled Plain Tube, Experimental Heat Transfer,
12:203
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Summary
(EAF) treatment of shell and tube heat exchanger with plain tubes gives 46% less fouling resistance in the tube than tube without EAF treatment.
In subsequent brush punching, almost all scale was removed in the EAF treated tube; thus recovering initial overall heat transfer and zero fouling resistance.
Brush punching was not effective in removing scale in the tube without EAF treatment.
Water Chilled Tube with Electronic Anti-Fouling
Technology, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 42, pp.
3037-3046, 1999.
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Summary
(EAF) treatment of shell and tube heat exchanger with spirally- ribbed tubes gives less fouling resistance in the tube than tube without EAF treatment.
In subsequent brush punching, almost all scale was removed in the EAF treated tube; thus recovering 90% of initial overall heat transfer and zero fouling resistance.
Brush punching was not effective in removing scale in the tube without EAF treatment.
Use of Electronic Anti-Fouling
System to Prevent Precipitation Fouling within a Cooling System,
Unpublished paper, August 31,2001
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Summary
Chemical Savings -- The initial chemical treatment program consisted
of a scale and corrosion inhibitor, dispersant, and biocide.
After installation of the ED2000, the scale inhibitors and then the
dispersants were eliminated. The copper corrosion inhibitor
and biocide were continued. Chemical costs were reduced from
$10,239 to $5,000.
Energy Savings -- The average cooling load is 700
tons at an annual cost of $137,877. A 3-degree increase in the
condenser approach temperature would increase the energy costs by 5%
or more. Condenser approach temperature records show the the
ED2000 controlled scale buildup and there was no degradation of
thermal performance. Estimated savings of 5% or over $6,500.
Payback -- The cost of the ED2000 system provided
an 18-24 month payback in this particular case.
Environmental Benefits -- The cost savings do no
include the environmental benefits associated with using this type
of treatment program -- no disposal and pollution problems and no
handling of hazardous materials.
Ph.D. Theses completed under the supervision of
Dr. Y. I. Cho
Fan, C.F., 1997 (March), "A Study of Electronic Descaling
Technology", Ph.D. thesis, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
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Choi, Byung Gap, 1998 (May), "A Study of Fouling Control in Heat
Exchangers with Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology," Ph.D. thesis, Drexel
University, Philadelphia, PA.
Liu, Rong, 1999 (December), "A Study of Fouling in a Heat Exchanger
Using an Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology, Ph.D. thesis, Drexel University,
Philadelphia, PA.
Magnetic Amelioration of Scale
Formation. Review Paper 1996
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Abstract Antiscale Magnetic Pretreatment of Reverse Osmosis Feedwater
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Abstract Laboratory Studies on Magnetic Water Treatment and Their
Relationship to a Possible Mechanism for Scale Reduction 1997
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Microscopic Observation of Calcium Carbonate Particles: Validation of an Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology 1997
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Abstract
Electronic Anti-fouling Technology to Mitigate Precipitation Fouling in Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers 1997
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Abstract
Theory of Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology to Control Precipitation Fouling in Heat Exchangers 1997
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Use of Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology with Filtration to Prevent Fouling in a Heat Exchanger 1998
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The Role of Zinc in Physical Water Conditioning 1999
Molecular Mechanisms of Magnetic Water Treatment 1999
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Abstract
Impact of Physical Conditioning on Small Particles and Consequences for Flocculation and Corrosion 1999
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Effects of Magnetic Field on Water Investigated with Fluorescent Probes 1996
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Abstract
Molecular Mechanisms of Magnetic
Water Treatment 1999
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Abstract
Overview of Recent Magnetic Research at Cransfield University 1999
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The Effect of Oral Irrigation with a Magnetic Water Treatment Device on Plaque and Calculus 1993
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Abstract
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