ED2000
TECHNICAL PAPERS

 
The following papers contain the results of the latest research into the causes and effects of electronic and magnetic water conditioning.  The abstracts of the papers are included for review.
The complete papers by Dr. Cho have been scanned and saved in Adobe Acrobat PDF (portable document format) format.  File sizes are included.  To read and print the papers it is necessary to have Adobe Acrobat reader.  


Electronic Descaling Technology to Control Precipitation Fouling in Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers
, "Compact Heat Exchangers for the Process Industries, (edited by R.K.Shah) pp.267-273, Begell House, New York, 1997.
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Summary
Tests on plate and frame heat exchangers – 

• Lab results – EAF treatment reduced scale fouling as shown by small increase in pressure drop.

• Field results – EAF maintained 95% performance for 16 weeks without acid cleaning in a system that usually requires acid cleaning every 5 to 6 weeks.

Enhanced Operation of Plate Heat Exchangers in Amine Services, Compact Heat Exchangers and Enhancement Technology for the Process Industries presented July 18-23, 1999, Banff, Canada.
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Summary
Electronic anti-fouling (EAF) technology has significantly lengthened the operation period of the plate and frame heat exchanges in a amine system. 

The number of cleanings was cut from 4 to 2 over a twenty-month period, and those cleaning were during scheduled preventive maintenance periods.

EAF kept heat transfer coefficients within optimal limits for the entire period. 

Theory of Electronic Descaling Technology to Control Precipitation Fouling in Heat Exchangers, Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.24, 747-756, 1997.
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Summary
Oscillating electric field causes dissolved mineral ions to collide and form insoluble mineral
crystals. The mineral crystals stay suspended in the water. 

The level of mineral supersaturation decreases and new scale deposits on heat transfer
equipment are retarded or prevented.

Carbonate Crystallization Induced by an Electronic Descaling Technology, Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.24, 757-770, 1997.
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Summary
Microscopic observation confirms electronic anti-fouling (EAF) technology creates larger “non-sticky” mineral crystals.

Technology to Control Precipitation Fouling, ASME Proceedings of the 32nd National Heat Transfer Conference, HTD-Vol.350, 1997.
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Summary
Electronic anti-fouling (EAF) retards scale fouling– 

• Pressure drop was 51% less than the pressure drop without treatment.

• Heat transfer coefficient 12% greater that heat transfer coefficient without treatment.

Anti-Fouling Technology to Mitigate Precipitation Fouling in Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer Vol.41, pp.2565-2571, 1998.
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Summary
Tests on plate and frame heat exchangers – 

• Lab results – EAF treatment reduced scale fouling as shown by small increase in pressure drop.

• Field results – EAF maintained 95% performance for 16 weeks without acid cleaning in a system that usually requires acid cleaning every 5 to 6 weeks.

Effect of Fouling on Temperature Measurement Error and a Solution, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol.120, pp.525-528, 1998.
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Summary
Electronic anti-fouling treatment prevents fouling of temperature probes and reduces measurement error.

Anti-Fouling Technology with Filtration to Prevent Fouling in a Heat Exchanger, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol.41, pp.2961-2966, 1998.
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Summary
Change of heat transfer coefficient after 40 hours - 

• No treatment – 26%
• Electronic anti-fouling treatment alone – 21%
• Filter alone – 19%
• EAF with filter – 6%

EAF and filter systems complement each other.

 An Innovative Electronic Descaling Technology for Scale Prevention in a Chiller, ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS 1999, V. 105, Pt.2.
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Summary
Evaluated performance of Electronic anti-fouling treatment on a full-scale chiller over an entire cooling season.

• EAF improved chiller efficiency 20% to 30% even with a chemical water treatment program.

• EAF not only controlled new scale build up, but removed old scale from the condenser tubes.

Anti-Fouling Technology in a Single-Tube Heat Exchanger, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.42, pp.1491-1499, 1998.
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Summary
EAF treatment reduced fouling resistance by 20% to 38% at flow velocities of 1.69 fps to 2.54 fps.

EAF did not reduce fouling at flow velocities less than 0.91 fps.

Scanning electron microscope shows a different crystal structure of mineral crystals with EAF.

Experimental Validation of Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology with a Plate Heat Exchanger, Heat Transfer 1998, Proceedings of 11th International Heat Transfer Conference, Vol. 6, August 23-38, 1998, Kyongiu, Korea.
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Summary
Tests on plate and frame heat exchangers – 

• Lab results – EAF treatment reduced scale fouling as shown by small increase in pressure drop.

• Field results – EAF maintained 95% performance for 16 weeks without acid cleaning in a system that usually requires acid cleaning every 5 to 6 weeks.

AntiFouling Technology and Brush Punching for Scale Removal in a Water-Cooled Plain Tube, Experimental Heat Transfer, 12:203
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Summary
(EAF) treatment of shell and tube heat exchanger with plain tubes gives 46% less fouling resistance in the tube than tube without EAF treatment.

In subsequent brush punching, almost all scale was removed in the EAF treated tube; thus recovering initial overall heat transfer and zero fouling resistance.

Brush punching was not effective in removing scale in the tube without EAF treatment. 

Water Chilled Tube with Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 42, pp. 3037-3046, 1999.
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Summary
(EAF) treatment of shell and tube heat exchanger with spirally- ribbed tubes gives less fouling resistance in the tube than tube without EAF treatment.

In subsequent brush punching, almost all scale was removed in the EAF treated tube; thus recovering 90% of initial overall heat transfer and zero fouling resistance.

Brush punching was not effective in removing scale in the tube without EAF treatment.

Use of Electronic Anti-Fouling System to Prevent Precipitation Fouling within a Cooling System, Unpublished paper, August 31,2001
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Summary

Chemical Savings -- The initial chemical treatment program consisted of a scale and corrosion inhibitor, dispersant, and biocide.  After installation of the ED2000, the scale inhibitors and then the dispersants were eliminated.  The copper corrosion inhibitor and biocide were continued.  Chemical costs were reduced from $10,239 to $5,000.

Energy Savings -- The average cooling load is 700 tons at an annual cost of $137,877.  A 3-degree increase in the condenser approach temperature would increase the energy costs by 5% or more.  Condenser approach temperature records show the the ED2000 controlled scale buildup and there was no degradation of thermal performance.  Estimated savings of 5% or over $6,500.

Payback -- The cost of the ED2000 system provided an 18-24 month payback in this particular case.

Environmental Benefits -- The cost savings do no include the environmental benefits associated with using this type of treatment program -- no disposal and pollution problems and no handling of hazardous materials.

Ph.D. Theses completed under the supervision of Dr. Y. I. Cho

Fan, C.F., 1997 (March), "A Study of Electronic Descaling Technology", Ph.D. thesis, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
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Choi, Byung Gap, 1998 (May), "A Study of Fouling Control in Heat Exchangers with Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology," Ph.D. thesis, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.

Liu, Rong, 1999 (December), "A Study of Fouling in a Heat Exchanger Using an Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology, Ph.D. thesis, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.

Magnetic Amelioration of Scale Formation. Review Paper 1996
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Antiscale Magnetic Pretreatment of Reverse Osmosis Feedwater
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Laboratory Studies on Magnetic Water Treatment and Their Relationship to a Possible Mechanism for Scale Reduction 1997
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Microscopic Observation of Calcium Carbonate Particles: Validation of an Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology 1997 
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Electronic Anti-fouling Technology to Mitigate Precipitation Fouling in Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers 1997 
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Theory of Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology to Control Precipitation Fouling in Heat Exchangers 1997
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Use of Electronic Anti-Fouling Technology with Filtration to Prevent Fouling in a Heat Exchanger 1998 
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The Role of Zinc in Physical Water Conditioning 1999 Molecular Mechanisms of Magnetic Water Treatment 1999
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Impact of Physical Conditioning on Small Particles and Consequences for Flocculation and Corrosion 1999
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Effects of Magnetic Field on Water Investigated with Fluorescent Probes 1996
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Molecular Mechanisms of Magnetic Water Treatment 1999
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Overview of Recent Magnetic Research at Cransfield University 1999
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The Effect of Oral Irrigation with a Magnetic Water Treatment Device on Plaque and Calculus 1993
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 ED2000 Features and Benefits